Risk of Adolescent Suicide in Urban and Rural Areas of the Coquimbo Region of Chile, by Gender
Keywords:
Suicide detection, adolescent suicide, urban and rural, suicidal ideation, suicide attemptAbstract
Objective: compare the risk of suicide, by gender, among adolescent, secondary-school students who are residents of urban and rural areas in the Coquimbo region of Chile. Materials and method: This is a non-experimental, descriptive quantitative study of a nonprobabilistic sample. In November 2016, Okaska’s Suicidality Scale to gauge the tendency towards suicide was applied anonymously to a sample of 349 adolescents ages 14-19 (48.7% males and 51.3% females) who were attending urban and rural educational establishments in the Coquimbo region of Chile. A two-way ANOVA was used for the locality and gender variables. Results: There are no differences in the risk of suicide according to geographic location. However, by gender; 15.76% of the female adolescents were found to be at suicidal risk. Conclusions: Suicide is a global public health problem that has not been addressed adequately in terms of prevention and health promotion. There are varieties of factors that influence the risk of suicide. The female-gender factor presents a greater risk, while the geographical location of residence appears to pose risk.Downloads
References
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Suicide Mortality in the Americas: Regional Report 2014. Washington: Pan
American Health Organization; 2014.
Ministerio de Salud. Programa Nacional de Prevención de Suicidio. Orientaciones para su implementación. 2013 [visitado
oct]. Disponible en: http://web.minsal.cl/sites/default/files/Programa_Nacional_Prevencion.pdf.
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Suicidio datos y cifras. 2016 [visitado 2016 oct]. Disponible en: http://www.
who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/es.
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Office of the Surgeon General and National Action Alliance for Suicide
Prevention. National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington: HHS; 2012.
Shrivastava A, Kimbrell M, Lester D. El suicidio desde una perspectiva global: poblaciones vulnerables y controversias.
Nueva York: Nova Science Publishers; 2012.
Ministerio de Salud. Salud mental infanto adolescente y suicidio. Disponible en: https://www.camara.cl/pdf.aspx?prm
id=6563&prmtipo=SOBRETABLA
Williams C, Cooper W, Balmer LS, Dudley JA, Gideon, PS, DeRanieri M, et al. Evaluation and disposition of Medicaidinsured
children and adolescents with suicide attempts. Academic pediatrics. 2015;15:36-40.
Echávarri O, Morales S, Bedregal P, Barros J, De la Paz Maino M, Fischman R, et al. Why wouldn’t i kill myself? Comparison
between psychiatric inpatients with different suicidal behavior. Psykhe. 2015;1 (24):1.
Echávarri O, Maino M, Fischman R, Morales S, Barros J. Aumento sostenido del suicidio en Chile: un tema pendiente.
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. 2015 [visitado 2016 oct]. Disponible en: http://politicaspublicas.uc.cl/wpcontent/
uploads/2015/07-Aumento-sostenido-del-suicidio-en-Chile.pdf.
Ministerio de salud. Situación actual del suicidio adolescente en Chile. Programa Nacional de Salud Integral de Adolescentes
y Jóvenes. 2013 [visitado 2016 oct]. Disponible en: http://web.minsal.cl/sites/SituacionActualdelSuicidioAdolescentenChile.
Cámara de diputados. Proyecto para que se destine el 5 % de presupuesto total de salud para los objetivos señalados
en el plan de salud mental; 2016.
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Prevención del suicidio: un imperativo global. 2014 [visitado 2016 oct]. Disponible
en: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136083/1/9789275318508_spa.pdf.
Katz C, Bolton SL, Katz LY, Isaak C, Tilston-Jones T, Sareen J. A systematic review of school‐based suicide prevention
programs. Depression and Anxiety. 2013;30(10):1030-1045.
Jaworski K. The gender of suicide: Knowledge production, theory and suicidology. Farnham: Routledge; 2014.
Cortés MF, Gómez GC, Ornelas RJ, Domínguez JR, Briceño CT, Zavala RF, et al. El significado actual del suicidio en el
estado de Campeche. ResearchGate. 2014;33:pp.Disponible https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290157851_
El_significado_actual_del_suicidio_en_el_estado_de_Campeche
Underwood MD, Arango V. Evidence for neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity as part of the neurobiology of suicide.
Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70:306-7.
Ramirez J. Suicide: Across the life span. Nurs Clin N Am. 2016;51(2):275-86.
Ding Y, Lawrence N, Olié E, Cyprien F, Le Bars E, Bonafé A, et al. Prefrontal cortex markers of suicidal vulnerability
in mood disorders: A model-based structural neuroimaging study with a translational perspective. Trans psychiatry.
;5(2):e516.
Heeingen K, Mann JJ. The neurobiology of suicide. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1:63-72.
Oquendo MA, Sullivan GM, Sudol K. Toward a biosignature for suicide. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:1259-77.
Real Academia Española. Diccionario de la Lengua Española. Madrid: Espasa; 2013.
Erikson E. El ciclo vital completado (The life cycle completed), vol. 1. Edición revisada y ampliada. Barcelona: Caídos
Ibérica Ediciones; 2000. P. 33-87.
Zapata CA, Quintero PA. Ideaciones suicidas en la adolescencia: lo que debemos saber de las metamorfosis de la pubertad.
Revista Poiésis. 2016;(30):79-86.
Sarchiapone M, D’Aulerio M, Iosue M. Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and completed suicide in adolescents: Neurobiological
aspects. In: Biological Aspects of Suicidal Behavior, vol. 30. Basilea: Karger Publishers; 2015. P. 11-20.
Calear AL, Christensen H, Freeman A, Fenton K, Grant JB, van Spijker B, et al. A systematic review of psychosocial suicide
prevention interventions for youth. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2016;25(5):467-82.
Phillips JA. Suicide Sociology of International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Second Edition. Palo
Alto: Elsevier 2015; El 2015. P. 682-688.
O’Connor RC, Nock MK. The psychology of suicidal behaviour. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(1):73-85.
Bronisch T. Suicide. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Second Edition. Palo Alto: Elsevier;
P. 673-681.
Klonsky ED, May AM, Saffer BY. Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12:307-330.
Hawton K, Saunders KE, O’Connor RC. Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet. 2012;379(9834):2373-82.
Valdivia M, Silva D, Sanhueza F, Cova F, Melipillán R. Prevalencia de intento de suicidio adolescente y factores de riesgo
asociados en una comuna rural de la provincia de Concepción. Rev Med Chile Revista Médica de Chile. 2015;143(3):320-8.
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). Health at a Glance. OECD Indicators. París: OECD
Publishing; 2011.
Ministerio de Salud. Estrategia Nacional de Salud para el Cumplimiento de los Objetivos Sanitarios de la Década 2011-
2011 [2016 oct]. Disponible en: http://www.minsal.gob.cl.
Salvo L, Melipillán R, Castro A. Confiabilidad, validez y punto de corte para Escala de screening de suicidalidad en adolescentes.
Rev Chil Neuro-Psiquiat. 2009;47:16-23.
Shilubane HN, Ruiter RA, Bos AE, van den Borne B, James S, Reddy PS. Psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation in
rural South African adolescents. Child Psychiat Hum D. 2014;45(2):153-62.
Holder-Nevins D, James K, Bridgelal-Nagassar R, Bailey A, Thompson E, Eldemire H. Suicide among adolescents in Jamaica:
What do we know? W Indian Med. 2012;61:516-20.
Husky MM, Olfson M, He JP, Nock MK, Swanson SA, Merikangas KR. Twelve-month suicidal symptoms and use of services
among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Psychiatric Services. 2012.
Freuchen A, Kjelsberg E, Lundervold AJ, Groholt B. Differences between children and adolescents who commit suicide
and their peers: A psychological autopsy of suicide victims compared to accident victims and a community sample.
Child Adolesc Psychiat Ment Hlth. 2012;6.
Yao YS, Chang WW, Jin YL, Chen Y, He LP, Zhang L. Life satisfaction, coping, self-esteem and suicide ideation in Chinese
adolescents: A school-based study. Child Care Hlth Dev. 2014;40(5):747-52.
Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin S, Ross J, Hawkins J, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2009.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2010;59.
Rew L, Young C, Brown A, Rancour S. Suicide ideation and life events in a sample of rural adolescents. Archives of
Psychiatric Nursing. 2016;30(2):198-203.
Ventura L, Carvajal C, Undurraga S, Vicuña P, Egaña J, Garib MJ. Prevalencia de ideación e intento suicida en adolescentes
de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile. Revista médica de Chile. 2010;138(3):309-15.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Programa de Prevención del Suicidio (SUPRE). 2012 [2016 oct]. Disponible en: http://
www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/es.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
1. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The journal and its papers are published with the Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). You are free to share copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format if you: give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made; don’t use our material for commercial purposes; don’t remix, transform, or build upon the material.
