Factores ambientales, asistenciales y alimentarios que dificultan la alimentación oral de adultos mayores hospitalizados: una revisión integrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2026.26.3.7Palabras clave:
Atención de enfermería al anciano hospitalizado, nutrición del anciano, revisión, asistencia alimentaria, ingesta de energía, adulto mayorResumen
Introducción: La alimentación oral de adultos mayores hospitalizados suele verse comprometida por factores ambientales, asistenciales y relacionados con las preferencias alimentarias, que aún están infravalorados en la práctica clínica. Reconocer estos determinantes es esencial para apoyar intervenciones efectivas. El equipo de enfermería es responsable de evaluar la aceptación de alimentos, asistir durante las comidas y comunicar las necesidades y dificultades identificadas al equipo de nutrición. Objetivo: identificar factores ambientales, asistenciales y relacionados con las elecciones alimentarias que dificultan la alimentación oral de adultos mayores hospitalizados. Materiales y método: Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura según las recomendaciones adaptadas de PRISMA. Las búsquedas se realizaron en junio de 2024 en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science y Scopus. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y de intervención con adultos mayores hospitalizados (≥ 60 años), sin restricciones de idioma ni fecha, y se excluyeron reportes de casos, cartas, resúmenes, tesis, monografías y revisiones. Los estudios fueron clasificados según la jerarquía de evidencia del Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Resultados: Se identificaron 640 estudios, de los cuales 32 constituyeron la muestra final. Los principales factores que comprometieron la alimentación fueron la ausencia de un comedor, la reducción de la privacidad, las interrupciones durante las comidas, la insuficiencia de ayuda profesional y la inadecuación de los horarios u opciones alimentarias, factores asociados a una menor ingesta calórica y un mayor riesgo de desnutrición. Conclusión: Los factores ambientales, asistenciales y alimentarios que interfieren con la alimentación oral de ancianos hospitalizados son multifactoriales. Se destacaron la insuficiencia de infraestructura y la inadecuación de los horarios de las comidas, así como la limitación de personal para la asistencia durante la alimentación. Estas condiciones comprometen la ingesta de alimentos, aumentando el riesgo de inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional en esta población.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Maria Helena Lenardt, José Baudilio Belzarez Guedez, João Alberto Martins Rodrigues, Clovis Cechinel, Larissa Teleginski Wardenski, Daiane Maria da Silva Marques
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