Factibilidad de un intervención preoperatoria de enfermería virtual para personas mayores que esperan por cirugía cardiaca
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2026.26.3.2Palabras clave:
Enfermedades cardiovasculares, Cirugía cardíaca, Enfermería basada en la evidencia, Estudio de factibilidad, EnfermeríaResumen
Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares siguen siendo la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad entre los adulto mayores. Las intervenciones de enfermería preoperatorias pueden mejorar los resultados quirúrgicos al promocionar la recuperación funcional y reducir las complicaciones pulmonares posoperatorias. A la fecha, la evidencia frente a la factibilidad de una intervención preoperatoria en adultos mayores que esperan una cirugía cardiaca es escasa. Objetivos: Evaluar la factibilidad y aceptación de una intervención preoperatoria virtual de enfermería para adultos mayores que esperan por cirugía cardiaca electiva, con énfasis en complicaciones posoperatorias, tiempo de hospitalización y resultados de alfabetización en salud. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de factibilidad de una sola cohorte en un departamento cardiotorácico del norte de Portugal. Los participantes fueron adultos mayores de ≥ 65 años programados para cirugía electiva, quienes fueron recibidos en una sesión presencial por una enfermera de rehabilitación, que incluyó ejercicios de respiración y movilidad, y seguimiento a distancia semanal hasta la cirugía. Los datos se recolectaron al inicio del estudio y al momento del alta, usando instrumentos validados para la calidad de vida (EQ-5D), el estado funcional (Barthel and Lawton indexes), la alfabetización en salud (HLS-EU) y la capacidad de ejercicio (prueba de los 6 minutos caminando). Los análisis descriptivos e inferenciales se llevaron a cabo con el SPSS v28. Resultados: Treinta participantes (media de edad 74 años) completaron el programa, con adherencia alta (96,7 %). Hubo complicaciones pulmonares en el 13 % de los participantes, y la media de días de hospitalización fue de 7,2 días. Los puntajes de alfabetización funcional y en salud mostraron mejoras leves y no significativas. La intervención fue bien recibida por los participantes y los miembros del equipo de salud. Conclusiones: El programa preoperatorio virtual de enfermería fue factible y aceptable para los adultos mayores en espera de una cirugía cardiaca. Los resultados apoyan el diseño de una futura prueba aleatoria para evaluar su efectividad en el mejoramiento de la recuperación y la reducción de las complicaciones posoperatorias.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Soraia Nicola Rodrigues, Luísa Fontes, Ana Carvalho, Helga Rafael
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